PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Euenantiornithes

Osteichthyes

Taxonomy

Euenantiornithes was named by Chiappe (2002). It was considered monophyletic by Chiappe (2002).

It was assigned to Enantiornithes by Chiappe (2002); to Palaeoaves by Livezey and Zusi (2007); and to Enantiornithes by Cau and Arduini (2008).

Subtaxa

Apsaraviformes, Cratoavis, Dalingheornis, Elbretornis, Enantiornis, Grabauornis, Liaoxiornis (syn. Lingyuanornis), Liaoxiornis delicatus (syn. Lingyuanornis parvus), Martinavis, Rahonaviformes

Synonyms

Liaoxiornis was named by Hou and Chen (1999).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Chiappe et al. (2007).

It was assigned to Sauriurae by Hou and Chen (1999); and to Liaoxiornithidae by Zhou and Wang (2010).
Liaoxiornis delicatus was named by Hou and Chen (1999). Its type specimen is NIGP-130723, a skeleton (complete skeleton), and it is a compression fossil. Its type locality is Dawangzhangzi, which is in a Barremian/Aptian lacustrine shale in the Yixian Formation of China.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Chiappe et al. (2007).
Lingyuanornis was named by Ji and Ji (1999).

It was synonymized objectively with Liaoxiornis by Chiappe et al. (2007).
Lingyuanornis parvus was named by Ji and Ji (1999). Its type specimen is GMV-2156, a skeleton, and it is a compression fossil. Its type locality is Dawangzhangzi, which is in a Barremian/Aptian lacustrine shale in the Yixian Formation of China.

It was synonymized objectively with Liaoxiornis delicatus by Chiappe et al. (2007), Zhou and Wang (2010).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1999	Liaoxiornis Hou and Chen p. 834
1999	Liaoxiornis delicatus Hou and Chen p. 835 figs. 1-3
1999	Lingyuanornis Ji and Ji
1999	Lingyuanornis parvus Ji and Ji
1999	Liaoxiornis delicatus Wang et al. p. 3
2002	Euenantiornithes Chiappe
2007	Euenantiornithes Livezey and Zusi p. 89
2008	Euenantiornithes Cau and Arduini
2010	Liaoxiornis Zhou and Wang

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
class	Osteichthyes
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()

Rank	Name	Author
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Saurischia	()
—	Theropoda	()
—	Neotheropoda
—	Averostra	Paul 2002
—	Tetanurae
—	Coelurosauria	()
—	Maniraptora
—	Avialae
—	Ornithothoraces
subclass	Enantiornithes
superorder	Euenantiornithes	Chiappe 2002
superorder	Euenantiornithes	Chiappe 2002

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Superor. †Euenantiornithes Chiappe 2002

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Or. †Apsaraviformes Livezey and Zusi 2007

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Invalid names: Apsaravidae Livezey and Zusi 2007 [empty]

G. †Cratoavis Carvalho et al. 2015

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†Cratoavis cearensis Carvalho et al. 2015

G. †Dalingheornis Zhang et al. 2006

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†Dalingheornis liweii Zhang et al. 2006

G. †Elbretornis Walker and Dyke 2009

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†Elbretornis bonapartei Walker and Dyke 2009

G. †Enantiornis Walker 1981

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†Enantiornis leali Walker 1981

†Enantiornis martini Nessov and Panteleyev 1993

†Enantiornis walkeri Nessov and Panteleyev 1993

G. †Grabauornis Dalsatt et al. 2014

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†Grabauornis lingyuanensis Dalsatt et al. 2014

G. †Martinavis Walker et al. 2007

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†Martinavis cruzyensis Walker et al. 2007

†Martinavis minor Walker and Dyke 2009

†Martinavis saltariensis Walker and Dyke 2009

†Martinavis vincei Walker et al. 2007

†Martinavis whetstonei Walker and Dyke 2009

Or. †Rahonaviformes Livezey and Zusi 2007

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Invalid names: Rahonavidae Livezey and Zusi 2007 [empty]

Invalid names: Liaoxiornis Hou and Chen 1999 [nomen dubium], Liaoxiornis delicatus Hou and Chen 1999 [nomen dubium]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

hydroxyapatiteo

Entire body:

yeso

Adult length:

10 to < 100o

Adult width:

1.0 to < 10o

Adult height:

1.0 to < 10o

Architecture:

compact or denseo

Ontogeny:

accretion, modification of partso

Grouping:

solitaryo

Environment:

terrestrialo

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

ground dwellingo

Diet:

carnivoresubo

Reproduction:

oviparouso

Dispersal:

direct/internalo

Dispersal 2:

mobileo

Created:

2009-01-03 20:39:15

Modified:

2009-01-03 22:39:15

Source: subo = suborder, o = order

References: Kiessling 2004, Marsh 1875, Benton 1983

Age range: base of the Aptian to the top of the Late/Upper Maastrichtian or 121.40000 to 66.00000 Ma

Collections (10 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Barremian - Early/Lower Aptian	125.77 - 119.57	China (Liaoning)	Euenantiornithes indet. (79657) Euenantiornithes indet., Liaoxiornis delicatus, Lingyuanornis parvus, Dalingheornis liweii, Grabauornis lingyuanensis (13937)
Aptian	121.4 - 113.2	China (Gansu)	Euenantiornithes indet. (62293)
Late/Upper Aptian	119.57 - 113.2	Brazil (Ceará)	Euenantiornithes indet. (169901)
Middle Turonian - Late/Upper Turonian	93.9 - 89.8	Uzbekistan (Navoi)	Enantiornis walkeri, Enantiornis martini (58166)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Canada (British Columbia)	Euenantiornithes indet. (84196)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Canada (Alberta)	Pterodactyloidea indet. (34750)
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	France (Languedoc-Roussillon)	Martinavis cruzyensis (48870)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Argentina (Salta)	Enantiornis sp., Enantiornis leali, Euenantiornithes indet., Martinavis sp., Martinavis saltariensis, Martinavis minor, Martinavis whetstonei, Elbretornis sp., Elbretornis bonapartei, Aves indet. (13307)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Romania (Hunedoara)	Euenantiornithes indet. (26369)