PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Lithostrotia

Osteichthyes

Taxonomy

Lithostrotia was named by Wilson and Upchurch (2003).

It was synonymized subjectively with Titanosauridae by Otero and Reguero (2013).

It was assigned to Saltasauridae by Curry Rogers (2005); to Somphospondyli by Suteethorn et al. (2010); to Eutitanosauria by Carballido et al. (2017), Filippi et al. (2019); and to Titanosauria by Wilson and Upchurch (2003), Upchurch et al. (2004), Royo-Torres et al. (2006), Zaher et al. (2011), D'Emic (2012), D'Emic (2013), González Riga and Ortiz David (2014), Filippi (2015), Ibiricu et al. (2017), Apesteguía et al. (2021), Navarro et al. (2022).

Sister taxa

Aeolosaurini

Synonyms

Antarctosaurus jaxarticus was named by Riabinin (1938). It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Kyrkkuduk I (Dabrazhin), which is in a Coniacian/Santonian terrestrial conglomerate in the Dabrazhin Formation of Kazakhstan.

It was considered a nomen nudum by Rozhdestvensky (1977); it was considered a nomen nudum by Maryanska (2000); it was considered a nomen dubium by Upchurch et al. (2004), Wilson and Upchurch (2009), Averianov and Sues (2017).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1938	Antarctosaurus jaxarticus Riabinin p. 126
1997	Antarctosaurus jaxarticus Ryan p. 443
2003	Lithostrotia Wilson and Upchurch p. 156
2004	Lithostrotia Upchurch et al. p. 268
2005	Lithostrotia Curry Rogers pp. 71-73 fig. 2.13
2006	Lithostrotia Royo-Torres et al. p. 1926 fig. 3
2010	Lithostrotia Suteethorn et al.
2011	Lithostrotia Zaher et al. p. 8 fig. 7
2012	Lithostrotia D'Emic
2013	Lithostrotia D'Emic
2014	Lithostrotia González Riga and Ortiz David p. 20 fig. 18
2015	Lithostrotia Filippi p. 20
2017	Lithostrotia Carballido et al.
2017	Lithostrotia Ibiricu et al.
2019	Lithostrotia Filippi et al.
2021	Lithostrotia Apesteguía et al.
2022	Lithostrotia Navarro et al. p. 344 fig. 13

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
class	Osteichthyes
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)

Rank	Name	Author
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Saurischia	()
—	Eusaurischia
—	Sauropodomorpha	(Huene 1932)
—	Massopoda
—	Sauropodiformes
—	Sauropoda	()
—	Gravisauria
—	Eusauropoda
—	Neosauropoda
—	Macronaria
—	Titanosauriformes
—	Titanosauria
—	Lithostrotia
—	Lithostrotia

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Unr. †Lithostrotia Wilson and Upchurch 2003

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Unr. †Aeolosaurini Franco-Rosas et al. 2004

G. †Aeolosaurus Powell 1987

†Aeolosaurus colhuehuapensis Casal et al. 2007

†Aeolosaurus rionegrinus Powell 1987

G. †Baurutitan Kellner et al. 2005

†Baurutitan britoi Kellner et al. 2005

Invalid names: Trigonosaurus pricei Campos et al. 2005 [synonym]

Invalid names: Trigonosaurus Campos et al. 2005 [synonym]

G. †Caieiria Silva Junior et al. 2022

†Caieiria allocaudata Silva Junior et al. 2022

G. †Gondwanatitan Kellner and Azevedo 1999

†Gondwanatitan faustoi Kellner and Azevedo 1999

G. †Panamericansaurus Calvo and Porfiri 2010

†Panamericansaurus schroederi Calvo and Porfiri 2010

G. †Antarctosaurus Huene 1927

†Antarctosaurus wichmannianus Huene 1927

Invalid names: Antarctosaurus brasiliensis Arid and Vizotto 1971 [nomen dubium], Antarctosaurus giganteus Huene 1927 [nomen dubium]

G. †Arackar Rubilar-Rogers et al. 2021

†Arackar licanantay Rubilar-Rogers et al. 2021

G. †Atacamatitan Kellner et al. 2011

†Atacamatitan chilensis Kellner et al. 2011

G. †Bustingorrytitan Simón and Salgado 2023

†Bustingorrytitan shiva Simón and Salgado 2023

G. †Elaltitan Mannion and Otero 2012

†Elaltitan lilloi Mannion and Otero 2012

G. †Epachthosaurus Powell 1990

†Epachthosaurus sciuttoi Powell 1990

G. †Jainosaurus Hunt et al. 1995

†Jainosaurus septentrionalis Huene and Matley 1933

G. †Kaijutitan Filippi et al. 2019

†Kaijutitan maui Filippi et al. 2019

G. †Malawisaurus Jacobs et al. 1993

†Malawisaurus dixeyi Haughton 1928

Fm. †Nemegtosauridae Upchurch 1995

G. †Nemegtosaurus Nowinski 1971

†Nemegtosaurus mongoliensis Nowinski 1971

Invalid names: Nemegtosaurus pachi Dong 1977 [nomen dubium]

G. †Quaesitosaurus Kurzanov and Bannikov 1983

†Quaesitosaurus orientalis Kurzanov and Bannikov 1983

G. †Nullotitan Novas et al. 2019

†Nullotitan glaciaris Novas et al. 2019

G. †Paralititan Smith et al. 2001

†Paralititan stromeri Smith et al. 2001

G. †Pellegrinisaurus Salgado 1996

†Pellegrinisaurus powelli Salgado 1996

Superfm. †Saltasauroidea Powell 1992

G. †Isisaurus Wilson and Upchurch 2003

†Isisaurus colberti Jain and Bandyopadhyay 1997

Unr. †Lohuecosauria Mocho et al. 2024

Unr. †Saltasauridae Sereno 1998 [saltasaurid]

G. †Abditosaurus Vila et al. 2022

†Abditosaurus kuehnei Vila et al. 2022

G. †Igai Gorscak et al. 2023

†Igai semkhu Gorscak et al. 2023

G. †Nicksaurus Malkani 2014

†Nicksaurus razashahi Malkani 2014

Subfm. †Opisthocoelicaudiinae McIntosh 1990

G. †Opisthocoelicaudia Borsuk-Bialynicka 1977

G. †Qingxiusaurus Mo et al. 2008

†Qingxiusaurus youjiangensis Mo et al. 2008

G. †Qunkasaura Mocho et al. 2024

†Qunkasaura pintiquiniestra Mocho et al. 2024

Subfm. †Saltasaurinae Powell 1992 [saltasaurine]

G. †Alamosaurus Gilmore 1922

G. †Bonatitan Martinelli and Forasiepi 2004

G. †Ibirania Navarro et al. 2022

G. †Rocasaurus Salgado and Azpilicueta 2000

Tr. †Saltasaurini Salgado and Bonaparte 2007

G. †Yamanasaurus Apesteguía et al. 2020

G. †Zhuchengtitan Mo et al. 2017

†Zhuchengtitan zangjiazhuangensis Mo et al. 2017

G. †Rapetosaurus Curry Rogers and Forster 2001

†Rapetosaurus krausei Curry Rogers and Forster 2001

G. †Tapuiasaurus Zaher et al. 2011

†Tapuiasaurus macedoi Zaher et al. 2011

G. †Titanomachya Pérez-Moreno et al. 2024

†Titanomachya gimenezi Pérez-Moreno et al. 2024

G. †Udelartitan Soto et al. 2024

†Udelartitan celeste Soto et al. 2024

G. †Shingopana Gorscak et al. 2017

†Shingopana songwensis Gorscak et al. 2017

G. †Tengrisaurus Averianov and Skutschas 2017

†Tengrisaurus starkovi Averianov and Skutschas 2017

G. †Uriash Díez Díaz et al. 2025

†Uriash kadici Díez Díaz et al. 2025

G. †Vahiny Curry Rogers and Wilson 2014

†Vahiny depereti Curry Rogers and Wilson 2014

G. †Volgatitan Averianov and Efimov 2018

†Volgatitan simbirskiensis Averianov and Efimov 2018

Invalid names: Antarctosaurus jaxarticus Riabinin 1938 [nomen dubium]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

hydroxyapatiteinfrao

Entire body:

yesinfrao

Adult length:

10 to < 100infrao

Adult width:

10 to < 100infrao

Adult height:

10 to < 100infrao

Maximum body mass:

100000 kgg

Minimum body mass:

3000 kgg

Thickness:

thickinfrao

Architecture:

compact or denseinfrao

Form:

sphericalinfrao

Ontogeny:

accretion, modification of partsinfrao

Grouping:

gregariousinfrao

Environment:

terrestrialinfrao

Locomotion:

actively mobileinfrao

Life habit:

ground dwellinginfrao

Diet:

herbivoreinfrao

Reproduction:

oviparousinfrao

Dispersal:

direct/internalinfrao

Dispersal 2:

mobileinfrao

Created:

2004-12-14 12:49:10

Modified:

2004-12-14 14:49:10

Source: g = genus, infrao = infraorder

References: Peczkis 1995, Marsh 1875, Kiessling 2004

Age range: base of the Valanginian to the top of the Maastrichtian or 137.05000 to 66.00000 Ma

Collections (167 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Early/Lower Cretaceous	143.1 - 100.5	Mali	Titanosauria indet. (60382)
Valanginian	137.05 - 132.6	Russian Federation (Buryat)	Tengrisaurus starkovi (58196)
Late/Upper Hauterivian	132.6 - 125.77	Russian Federation (Ulyanovsk)	Brachiosauridae indet. (94539)
Hauterivian - Barremian	132.6 - 121.4	Brazil (Bahia)	Lithostrotia indet. (203352)
Barremian	125.77 - 121.4	United Kingdom (England)	Titanosaurus sp. (48853)
Late/Upper Barremian	125.77 - 121.4	Thailand (Khon Kaen)	Nemegtosauridae indet. (35973)
Barremian - Aptian	125.77 - 113.2	Russian Federation (Krasnoyarsk)	Lithostrotia indet. (164946 207068) Titanosauriformes indet. (53148)
Aptian	121.4 - 113.2	Brazil (Minas Gerais)	Tapuiasaurus macedoi (104872)
Aptian	121.4 - 113.2	Malawi (Northern)	Dinosauria indet. (89853) Gigantosaurus dixeyi (38912 38916) Malawisaurus dixeyi (50897 50898 50899 50900 50901)
Aptian - Albian	121.4 - 100.5	Thailand (Khon Kaen)	Nemegtosauridae indet. (92261)
Late/Upper Aptian - Early/Lower Albian	119.57 - 110.1	Italy (Lazio)	Lithostrotia indet. (197177)
Early/Lower Albian	113.2 - 110.1	China (Gansu)	Nemegtosauridae indet. (45168)
Albian - Early/Lower Cenomanian	113.2 - 93.9	Morocco (Er Rachida)	Lithostrotia indet. (232429)
Early/Lower Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Egypt (Al Jizah)	Sauropoda indet. (47136)
Early/Lower Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Algeria (Illizi)	Paralititan sp. (227231)
Late/Upper Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Argentina (Neuquén)	Bustingorrytitan shiva (232695)
Late/Upper Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Spain (Asturias)	Titanosauridae indet. (98396)
Middle Cenomanian - Late/Upper Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Spain (Castilla-La Mancha)	Lithostrotia indet. (132494)
Late/Upper Cenomanian - Early/Lower Turonian	100.5 - 89.8	Argentina (Chubut)	Epachthosaurus sciuttoi (49099) Laplatasaurus sp. (38952)
Middle Cenomanian - Late/Upper Turonian	100.5 - 89.8	Argentina (Chubut)	Epachthosaurus sp. (115564)
Cenomanian - Santonian	100.5 - 83.6	Uruguay (Paysandú)	Saltasauridae indet. (133236)
Cenomanian - Campanian	100.5 - 72.2	Tanzania (Mbeya)	Shingopana songwensis, Titanosauridae indet. (46888)
Late/Upper Cretaceous	100.5 - 66.0	Chile (Antofagasta)	Titanosauridae indet. (59975)
Late/Upper Cretaceous	100.5 - 66.0	Madagascar (Mahajanga)	Rapetosaurus krausei (232462)
Late/Upper Cretaceous	100.5 - 66.0	China (Guangxi)	Qingxiusaurus youjiangensis (83956)
Senonian	100.5 - 66.0	Argentina (Río Negro)	Loricosaurus scutatus (64087)
Coniacian	89.8 - 85.7	Argentina (Chubut)	Atlantosauridae indet. (51620)
Late/Upper Coniacian	89.8 - 85.7	Japan (Fukushima)	Diplodocidae indet. (119091)
Late/Upper Coniacian	89.8 - 85.7	Argentina (Neuquén)	Titanosauria indet. (200297)
Coniacian - Santonian	89.8 - 83.6	Kazakhstan (Turkistan)	Titanosauridae indet. (53132)
Late/Upper Coniacian - Early/Lower Santonian	89.8 - 83.6	Argentina (Neuquén)	Aeolosaurini indet. (114109) Antarctosaurus giganteus (51572)
Santonian	85.7 - 83.6	Argentina (Neuquén)	Titanosaurus australis, Microcoelus patagonicus (51569)
Santonian	85.7 - 83.6	Argentina (Río Negro)	Loricosaurus sp., Titanosaurus robustus (51581)
Late/Upper Santonian - Early/Lower Campanian	85.7 - 72.2	Brazil (São Paulo)	Ibirania parva (227131 227132) Saltasauridae indet. (114464) Titanosauria indet. (232270)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	China (Shandong)	Zhuchengtitan zangjiazhuangensis (96815)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Argentina (Salta)	Antarctosaurus sp., Laplatasaurus sp. (13209)
Early/Lower Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Argentina (Río Negro)	Neuquensaurus sp. (51579)
Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Argentina (Neuquén)	Aeolosaurini indet. (117447) Megaloolithus patagonicus (61458)
Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Argentina (Río Negro)	Antarctosaurus wichmannianus, Laplatasaurus araukanicus (51580) Neuquensaurus australis, Neuquensaurus sp., Neuquensaurus robustus (55740) Saltasaurinae indet. (67094) Saltasaurini indet. (219390) Titanosaurus australis, Loricosaurus scutatus (51573)
Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Argentina (Mendoza)	Saltasauridae indet. (90139)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Antarctica	Lithostrotia indet. (47059)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (New Mexico)	Alamosaurus sanjuanensis (47818 222071 222089)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur)	Titanosauridae indet. (28454)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Spain (Castilla y Leon)	Titanosauridae indet. (48861)
Middle Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Egypt	Titanosauria indet. (97711)
Middle Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Egypt (New Valley)	Saltasauridae indet. (229326)
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Mongolia (Omnogov)	Quaesitosaurus orientalis (51971)
Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	Argentina (Chubut)	Aeolosaurus sp. (52909)
Campanian - Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	Uruguay (Florida)	Titanosauridae indet. (224192)
Campanian - Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	Argentina (Río Negro)	Epachthosaurus sp., Titanosaurus araukanicus (32339)
Campanian - Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	Chile (Atacama)	Titanosauridae indet. (218883)
Campanian - Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	Argentina (Chubut)	Titanosauria indet. (219533)
Campanian - Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	China (Xinjiang)	Nemegtosaurus pachi (64144)
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	Spain (Castilla-La Mancha)	Qunkasaura pintiquiniestra (91781)
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	Argentina (Neuquén)	Panamericansaurus schroederi (98791)
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	Argentina (Río Negro)	Aeolosaurini indet. (231728) Aeolosaurus rionegrinus (58573) Aeolosaurus sp., Rocasaurus sp., Saltasaurus sp. (32370) Bonatitan reigi (49557) Rocasaurus muniozi, Saltasaurini indet. (231729) Saltasaurinae indet. (135703 219713) Titanosaurus robustus, Laplatasaurus araukanicus (52021)
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	Brazil (São Paulo)	Antarctosaurus brasiliensis (51627) Titanosauridae indet. (51955)
Late/Upper Campanian - Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	USA (New Mexico)	Alamosaurus sp. (55289 233251)
Late/Upper Campanian - Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	Argentina (Chubut)	Lithostrotia indet. (230594)
Late/Upper Campanian - Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	Brazil (Mato Grosso)	Gondwanatitan sp., Lithostrotia indet., Aeolosaurini indet. (59367)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Argentina (Santa Cruz)	Argyrosaurus superbus (51622) Nullotitan glaciaris (206967 206970) Titanosauridae indet. (51623)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Spain (Cataluña)	Hypselosaurus sp. nov., Titanosauriformes indet. (36380)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Romania (Hunedoara)	Lithostrotia indet. (13334) Magyarosaurus hungaricus (163320) Magyarosaurus sp. (153889) Titanosaurus dacus (59410)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Argentina (Salta)	Neuquensaurus australis, Atlantosauridae indet. (13307)
Lancian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (New Mexico)	Alamosaurus sanjuanensis (14518 47010 47817 70335)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Pakistan (Balochistan)	Balochisaurus malkani (220156) Sulaimanisaurus gingerichi (78055 79427)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Texas)	Alamosaurus sanjuanensis (52087 52090 61847 85189 85191 165562) Alamosaurus sp. (52091 165198 231098 231099 231100) Lithostrotia indet. (164702 164703 230210)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Utah)	Alamosaurus sanjuanensis (45721 45722) Sauropoda indet. (45718)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Brazil (Minas Gerais)	Aeolosaurus sp. (81105) Lithostrotia indet. (32346) Lithostrotia indet., Caieiria allocaudata, Titanosauridae indet., Titanosaurus sp. (51628)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (New Mexico)	Alamosaurus sanjuanensis (47815 47819 54103 97795 117451 121580 121581 138834 138836 171027 179272 194978) Sauropoda indet. (46992)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	India (Gujarat)	Sauropoda indet. (60170)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Ecuador (Loja)	Yamanasaurus lojaensis (206833)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Romania (Hunedoara)	Megaloolithus siruguei (27894)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Brazil (São Paulo)	Aeolosaurus sp. (83263)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	China (Gansu)	Titanosauridae indet. (178686)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Uruguay (Río Negro)	Neuquensaurus australis (223925)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Argentina (Chubut)	Titanomachya gimenezi (234456)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Uruguay (Soriano)	Titanosaurus australis, Antarctosaurus wichmannianus (59147)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Mexico (Chihuahua)	Alamosaurus sanjuanensis (226999)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	India (Maharashtra)	Antarctosaurus sp. (57002) Antarctosaurus sp., Dinosauria indet. A (26370) Titanosaurus indicus (11604)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	India (Madhya Pradesh)	Antarctosaurus septentrionalis (26375) Antarctosaurus sp. (63895) Titanosaurus colberti (224243)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	India (Gujarat)	Titanosaurus indicus (95807)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Utah)	Alamosaurus sp. (224185)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Brazil (Minas Gerais)	Baurutitan britoi (51960) Lithostrotia indet. (230202) Trigonosaurus pricei, Aeolosaurus indet. (64133)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Mongolia (Omnogov)	Sauropoda indet. (37005 180471)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Madagascar (Mahajanga)	Rapetosaurus krausei (39074 144728 206553) Rapetosaurus krausei, Vahiny depereti (25074) Vahiny depereti (55271)