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Squalodontidae

Osteichthyes - Cetacea - Squalodontidae

Taxonomy
Squalodontidae was named by Brandt (1873). It is not extant. It was considered monophyletic by Uhen et al. (2008), Barnes and Reynolds (2009).

It was assigned to Odontoceta by Ameghino (1894); to Cetacea by Newton (1891), Rhoads (1903); to Odontocete by Hay (1902), Hay (1930); to Squaloceti by Abel (1914), Abel (1919), Dal Piaz (1929), Van Deinse (1931); to Archaeoceti by Paquier (1894), Benham (1935); to Squalodontoidea by Simpson (1945), Rothausen (1961), Rothausen (1968), Ginsburg and Janvier (1971), Barnes et al. (1985), Pilleri (1987), Vidal (1991), McKenna and Bell (1997), Dubrovo and Sanders (2000); to Platanistoidea by Muizon (1984), Muizon (1987), Muizon (1990), Muizon (1994), Fordyce and Barnes (1994), Fordyce et al. (1995), Rice (1998), Fordyce and de Muizon (2001), Rice (2002), Gingerich (2005), Godfrey et al. (2006), Barnes (2006), Bianucci and Landini (2007), Whitmore and Kaltenbach (2008), Uhen et al. (2008), Rice (2009), Barnes and Reynolds (2009), Bianucci et al. (2011), Carone and Marra (2014), Aguirre-Fernández and Fordyce (2014), Marx et al. (2016); to Stegoceti by Boessenecker and Geisler (2023); to Odontoceti by Lydekker (1887), Cope (1889), Cope (1890), Zittel (1894), Flores (1895), Trouessart (1898), Trouessart (1904), Case (1904), Abel (1905), True (1908), Jaekel (1911), Miller (1923), Zittel (1925), Kellogg (1928), Keyes (1973), Whitmore and Sanders (1977), Whitmore (1984), Pilleri (1985), Carroll (1988), Benton (1993), Sach and Heizmann (2001), Geisler and Sanders (2003), Cahuzac et al. (2005), Godfrey and Lambert (2023); and to Odontoceti by Winge (1921), Slijper (1936), Geisler et al. (2011), Berta (2017), Nelson et al. (2025), Nelson et al. (2025), Nelson et al. (2025).

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1838Pachyodon Meyer p. 414
1840Phoca melitensis Blainville pp. 46, 51 figs. plate 10, fig. 4
1841Phocodon scillae Agassiz p. 236
1844Zeuglodon vredense Landois pp. 49-50
1852Champsodelphis bordae Gervais p. 153
1852Delphinus bordae Gervais p. 153 figs. pl. 41, Fig. 8
1853Pachyodon Bronn p. 774
1853Champsodelphis bordae Pictet p. 383
1859Pachyodon catulli Molin p. 126 figs. Plates 1-2
1867Squalodon atlantica Cope
1867Squalodon melitensis McCoy p. 145
1868Squalodon atlanticus Cope p. 166
1869Squalodon atlanticus Leidy p. 416
1872Portheodon Gill
1873Squalodon catulli Brandt
1873Squalodon melitensis Brandt p. 330
1873Squalodon scillae Brandt p. 330
1873Squalodontidae Brandt p. 576
1873Champsodelphis bordae Scott p. 67
1874Squalodon scillae Brandt p. III
1875Squalodon atlanticus Cope p. 363
1876Squalodon catulli de Zigno p. 24
1887Squalodon atlanticus Lydekker p. 75
1887Squalodon catulli Lydekker p. 75
1887Squalodontidae Lydekker p. 75
1887Squalodon atlantica Roger p. 27
1887Squalodon catulli Roger p. 27
1889Squalodontidae Cope p. 876
1890Squalodontidae Cope p. 602
1890Squalodon atlanticus Cope p. 603
1891Squalodontidae Newton p. 75
1894Squalodontidae Ameghino p. 436
1894Mesoceti Dames
1894Squalodontidae Paquier p. 5
1894Zeuglodon vredense Zittel p. 168
1894Squalodontidae Zittel p. 169
1894Squalodon catulloi Zittel p. 170
1894Squalodon atlanticus Zittel p. 171
1895Squalodontidae Flores p. 11
1896Squalodon catulli Lioy p. 765
1898Zeuglodon vredensis Trouessart p. 1010
1898Squalodontidae Trouessart p. 1012
1898Squalodon scillae Trouessart p. 1013
1898Squalodon atlanticus Trouessart p. 1015
1902Squalodontidae Hay p. 588
1902Squalodon atlanticus Hay p. 589
1903Squalodon atlanticus Rhoads p. 247
1903Squalodontidae Rhoads p. 247
1904Squalodon atlantica Case p. 6
1904Squalodontidae Case p. 6
1904Basilosaurus vredensis Trouessart p. 753
1904Squalodontidae Trouessart p. 754
1904Squalodon catulloi Trouessart p. 755
1904Squalodon scillae Trouessart p. 755
1904Squalodon atlanticus Trouessart p. 756
1905Squalodon bordae Abel p. 27
1905Squalodontidae Abel p. 46
1908Squalodontidae True p. 391
1911Squalodontidae Jaekel p. 231
1914Squalodontidae Abel p. 221
1916Basilosaurus atlantica Allen
1916Squalodon atlanticum Dal Piaz p. 8
1916Phocodon scillae Dal Piaz p. 14
1919Squalodontidae Abel p. 762
1921Squalodontidae Winge p. 7
1922Squalodon scillae Kellogg p. 126
1923Squalodon atlantica Kellogg p. 7
1923Squalodon bordae Kellogg p. 9
1923Trirhizodon catulli Kellogg p. 11
1923Squalodon melitensis Kellogg p. 24
1923Squalodontidae Miller p. 40
1925Squalodontidae Zittel p. 85
1928Squalodontidae Kellogg p. 32 figs. Table 1
1929Squalodontidae Dal Piaz p. 73
1930Squalodontidae Hay p. 580
1930Squalodon atlanticus Hay p. 581
1931Squalodontidae Van Deinse p. 33
1935Tangaroasaurus kakanuiensis Benham p. 235
1935Squalodontidae Benham p. 243
1936Squalodontidae Slijper p. 543
1942Squalodon andrewi Benham pp. 267-268
1945Squalodontidae Simpson p. 100
1961Squalodontidae Rothausen p. 113
1968Squalodontidae Rothausen p. 87
1968Squalodon catulli Rothausen p. 91 figs. Table 1
1968Squalodon melitensis Rothausen p. 91 figs. Table 1
1971Squalodontidae Ginsburg and Janvier p. 167
1972Austrosqualodon trirhizodonta Climo and Baker p. 67 figs. Fig. 2
1973Austrosqualodon trirhizodonta Keyes
1973Tangaroasaurus kakanuiensis Keyes p. 381
1973Squalodon andrewi Keyes p. 389
1973Squalodontidae Keyes p. 389
1977Squalodontidae Whitmore and Sanders p. 305
1979Tangaroasaurus kakanuiensis Fordyce p. 740
1980Austrosqualodon trirhizodonta Fordyce p. iii figs. Table 2
1980Tangaroasaurus kakanuiensis Fordyce p. iii figs. Table 2
1982Austrosqualodon trirhizodonta Fordyce p. 423
1982Squalodon catulli Sanders et al. p. H120
1984Squalodontidae Muizon p. 68
1984Squalodontidae Whitmore p. 230
1985Squalodontidae Barnes et al. p. 25
1985Squalodon catulli Pilleri p. 11
1985Squalodontidae Pilleri p. 11
1987Squalodontidae Muizon p. 13
1987Squalodontidae Pilleri p. 147
1988Squalodontidae Carroll
1990Squalodontidae Muizon p. 312
1991Austrosqualodon trirhizodonta Fordyce p. 1182
1991Tangaroasaurus kakanuiensis Fordyce p. 1182
1991Squalodontidae Vidal p. 5
1993Squalodontidae Benton p. 761
1994Squalodontidae Fordyce and Barnes p. 429 figs. Table 1
1994Squalodontidae Muizon p. 136
1995Squalodontidae Fordyce et al. p. 379
1997Squalodontidae McKenna and Bell p. 373
1998Squalodontidae Rice
2000Squalodontidae Dubrovo and Sanders p. 580
2001Squalodontidae Fordyce and de Muizon p. 178
2001Squalodontidae Sach and Heizmann p. 42
2002Squalodon catulli Bianucci and Landini p. 21
2002Squalodontidae Rice p. 231 figs. Table 1
2003Squalodontidae Geisler and Sanders p. 28
2004Squalodon catulli Symeonidis et al. p. 319 figs. Table 2
2004Squalodon melitensis Symeonidis et al. p. 319 figs. Table 2
2005Squalodontidae Cahuzac et al. p. 420
2005Squalodontidae Gingerich p. 237 figs. Table 15.1
2006Squalodontidae Barnes p. 32
2006Squalodontidae Godfrey et al. p. 68A
2007Squalodontidae Bianucci and Landini p. 45 figs. Table 2.1
2008Squalodon atlanticus Uhen et al. p. 583
2008Squalodontidae Uhen et al. p. 583
2008Squalodontidae Whitmore and Kaltenbach p. 183
2009Squalodontidae Barnes and Reynolds p. 487
2009Austrosqualodon trirhizodonta Fordyce and Roberts p. 553
2009Tangaroasaurus kakanuiensis Fordyce and Roberts p. 553
2009Squalodontidae Rice p. 235 figs. Table 1
2011Squalodontidae Bianucci et al. p. 560
2011Squalodontidae Geisler et al. p. 5 figs. Table 1
2012Basilosaurus vredensis Kalmykov p. 179
2014Squalodontidae Aguirre-Fernández and Fordyce p. 195
2014Squalodontidae Carone and Marra p. 122
2016Squalodontidae Marx et al. p. 120
2017Squalodontidae Berta p. 160
2023Squalodontidae Boessenecker and Geisler p. 152
2023Squalodontidae Godfrey and Lambert p. 53
2025Squalodontidae Nelson et al. p. 3

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
classOsteichthyes
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
Tetrapoda
Reptiliomorpha
Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
Cotylosauria()
Amniota
subclassSynapsida
Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
Mammaliamorpha
RankNameAuthor
Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
Cladotheria
Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
Eutheria()
Placentalia
Boreoeutheria
Laurasiatheria
Scrotifera
Euungulata
Artiodactylamorpha
Artiodactyla()
Whippomorpha
orderCetacea
Pelagiceti
Neoceti
suborderOdontoceti
familySqualodontidae
familySqualodontidae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. †Squalodontidae Brandt 1873
show all | hide all
G. †Austrosqualodon Climo and Baker 1972
G. †Eosqualodon Rothausen 1968
+
Eosqualodon langewieschei Rothausen 1968
Eosqualodon latirostris Capellini 1903
G. †Squalodon Grateloup 1840
+
Squalodon barbarus Mchedlidze and Aslanova 1968
Squalodon bellunensis Dal Piaz 1901
Squalodon calvertensis Kellogg 1923
Squalodon grateloupii von Meyer 1843
+
Invalid names: Delphinoides gratelupi Pedroni 1845 [objective synonym], Squalodon bariensis Jourdan 1861 [synonym], Squalodon burgueti Gervais 1849 [synonym], Squalodon grateloupii Gervais 1846 [objective synonym], Squalodon kelloggi Rothausen 1968 [synonym], Squalodon zitteli Paquier 1894 [synonym]
Squalodon murdochi Godfrey and Lambert 2023
Squalodon peregrinus Dal Piaz 1971
Squalodon servatus Meyer 1841
Squalodon whitmorei Dooley 2005
Invalid names: Arionius Meyer 1841 [synonym], Crenidelphinus Laurillard 1844 [synonym], Delphinoides Pedroni 1845 [synonym], Kelloggia Mchedlidze 1976 [synonym], Macrophoca Leidy 1856 [synonym], Phoca pedronii Gervais 1849 [invalid subgroup], Phocodon Agassiz 1841 [synonym], Priscodelphinus validus Du Bus 1872 [nomen nudum], Rhizoprion Jourdan 1861 [synonym], Rhytisodon Costa 1852 [synonym], Smilocomptus Gervais 1849 [synonym], Squalodon antverpiensis Van Beneden 1861 [nomen dubium], Squalodon antverpiensis antverpiensis Rothausen 1968 [nomen dubium], Squalodon quaternarium Forsyth Major 1879 [nomen nudum], Trirhizodon Cope 1890 [synonym]
G. †Tangaroasaurus Benham 1935
Invalid names: Austrosqualodon trirhizodonta Climo and Baker 1972 [nomen dubium], Mesoceti Dames 1894 [synonym], Pachyodon Meyer 1838 [nomen dubium], Portheodon Gill 1872 [nomen nudum], Squalodon andrewi Benham 1942 [invalid subgroup], Squalodon atlanticus Leidy 1856 [invalid subgroup], Squalodon bordae Gervais 1852 [nomen dubium], Squalodon catulli Molin 1859 [nomen dubium], Squalodon melitensis Blainville 1840 [nomen dubium], Squalodontinae Rothausen 1968 [empty], Tangaroasaurus kakanuiensis Benham 1935 [nomen dubium], Zeuglodon vredense Landois 1844 [nomen nudum]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: hydroxyapatitesubo
Form: roller-shapedo
Ontogeny: modification of partso
Environment: marine, freshwatersubo
Locomotion: actively mobileo
Life habit: aquatico
Depth habitat: surfaceo
Diet: carnivoresubo
Reproduction: viviparoussubo
Created: 2005-03-06 14:21:39
Modified: 2005-09-22 15:42:08
Source: subo = suborder, o = order
Reference: Uhen 2004

Age range: base of the Duntroonian to the top of the Tortonian or 27.30000 to 7.24600 Ma

Collections (99 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Duntroonian27.3 - 25.2New Zealand (N. W. Nelson) Austrosqualodon trirhizodonta (13100)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04USA (California) Squalodontidae indet. (11601)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04Japan (Fukuoka) Squalodontidae indet. (45834)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen) Eosqualodon langewieschei (37598)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04New Zealand (South Otago) Lophocephalus parki (45654) Squalodontidae indet., Squalodon andrewi (45653)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04Japan Squalodon sp. (51103 51105)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04Japan (Hokkaido) Squalodontidae indet. (45786)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04Australia (Victoria) Parasqualodon wilkinsoni (46166)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04Germany (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) Squalodontidae indet. (80366)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04Mexico (Baja California Sur) Squalodontidae indet. (66426 186570)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04Azerbaijan Squalodon barbarus (45737)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04USA (South Carolina) Squalodon sp. (97550 206943) Squalodon sp., S. Genus X, S. Genus Y, S. Genus Z (112635) Squalodontidae indet. (70957)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04Germany Squalodon sp. (57119)
Late/Upper Oligocene - Early/Lower Miocene27.3 - 15.98New Zealand (North Otago) Squalodontidae indet. (87888)
Chattian - Langhian27.3 - 13.82Malta Phocodon scillae (48661)
Waitakian25.2 - 21.7New Zealand Squalodontidae indet. (74755)
Waitakian25.2 - 21.7New Zealand (South Canterbury) Squalodon andrewi (45655 45656)
Aquitanian23.04 - 20.45USA (Virginia) Squalodon calvertensis (70517)
Aquitanian23.04 - 20.45Italy (Vicenza) Squalodon bariensis (49395)
Aquitanian23.04 - 20.45Austria Squalodon bellunensis (76129)
Aquitanian23.04 - 20.45France Squalodon sp. (70242)
Aquitanian23.04 - 20.45Italy Pachyodon catulli, Squalodon bariensis, Squalodon bellunensis, Squalodon peregrinus (47623) Squalodon bellunensis (59850)
Aquitanian - Burdigalian23.04 - 15.98Malta Squalodon sp. (122120)
Aquitanian - Burdigalian23.04 - 15.98USA (New Jersey) Squalodon sp. (50944)
Early/Lower Miocene23.04 - 15.98Greece (Macedonia) Squalodon bellunensis (47083)
Early/Lower Miocene23.04 - 15.98Italy Squalodontidae indet. (116545)
Early/Lower Miocene23.04 - 15.98Germany Squalodontidae indet. (70360)
Early/Lower Miocene23.04 - 15.98Slovakia Squalodon sp. (47461)
Aquitanian - Langhian23.04 - 13.82USA (North Carolina) Squalodon sp., Squalodontidae indet., Squalodon calvertensis (48887)
Aquitanian - Serravallian23.04 - 11.63USA (Maryland) Squalodon calvertensis (231816)
Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene23.04 - 11.63Australia (Victoria) Squalodontidae indet. (51330)
Miocene23.04 - 5.333Netherlands Phoca ambigua (37599)
Miocene23.04 - 5.333United Kingdom (England) Squalodon antverpiensis (153047)
Miocene23.04 - 5.333Germany (Westphalia) Zeuglodon vredense (73868)
Miocene23.04 - 5.333France (Côtes-d'Armor) Squalodon sp. (148402)
Miocene23.04 - 5.333France Squalodon gervaisii, Squalodon grateloupii (93327)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Argentina (Chubut) Squalodontidae indet. (45886)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98France Squalodon grateloupi (57732) Squalodon sp. (52061)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Switzerland (Aargau) Squalodon sp. (46524)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Italy (Sicily) Squalodon bariensis (49396)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98France (Bordeaux) Squalodon grateloupii, Squalodon bordae, Delphinoides gratelupi, Phoca pedronii (48660)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Slovakia Squalodon ehrlichii (48642)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Switzerland (Zurich) Squalodon sp. (46523)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98USA (Maryland) Squalodon calvertensis (45493) Squalodon calvertensis, Squalodon whitmorei (71810) Squalodon whitmorei (57960)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Italy Squalodon bariensis, Squalodon bellunense (47187) Squalodon sp. (70814 207869) Squalodontidae indet. (47427)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98USA (New Jersey) Macrophoca atlantica (18587)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Venezuela (Falcon) Squalodontidae indet. (43063)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Switzerland Squalodontidae indet. (69539)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98France (Drôme) Rhizoprion bariensis (48662)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Australia (South Australia) Squalodontidae indet. (51407)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Germany Arionius servatus (47425) Squalodon zitteli (48663)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98USA (California) Squalodontidae indet. (55691)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98USA (Delaware) Squalodon calvertensis (18579)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Germany (Baden-Württemberg) Squalodontidae indet. (49102)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98USA (Virginia) Squalodon whitmorei (57951 57953 57959)
Burdigalian - Langhian20.45 - 13.82Belgium Squalodon sp. (114830)
Burdigalian - Messinian20.45 - 5.333Italy (Apulia) Squalodon sp. (48657) Squalodon sp., Squalodon antverpiensis, Squalodon scillae, Phocodon scillae (47125)
Early/Lower Barstovian16.3 - 12.5USA (Florida) Squalodon sp. (18549)
Langhian15.98 - 13.82New Zealand (North Otago) Tangaroasaurus kakanuiensis (45659)
Langhian15.98 - 13.82Italy (Sicillia) Squalodon bariensis (28617)
Langhian15.98 - 13.82Malta Squalodon sp. (81668)
Langhian15.98 - 13.82USA (Virginia) Squalodon calvertensis (79793)
Langhian15.98 - 13.82USA (Maryland) Squalodon murdochi (45506 60379) Squalodon sp. (55517 70819)
Langhian - Serravallian15.98 - 11.63Belgium Squalodon sp. A (59123)
Langhian - Serravallian15.98 - 11.63Belgium (Antwerpen) Squalodon antverpiensis, Priscodelphinus validus (51680)
Middle Miocene15.98 - 11.63Costa Rica (Limon) Squalodon sp. (124711)
Middle Miocene - Pleistocene15.98 - 0.0117USA (Massachusetts) Squalodon atlanticus (77694)
Badenian13.82 - 12.8Belgium Squalodon sp. (95167)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.63France Squalodon sp. (85338)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.63USA (Maryland) Squalodon atlanticus (57782)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.63France (Gironde) Smilocomptus burgueti (85340)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.63USA (Virginia) Squalodon calvertensis (71801) Squalodon sp. (57113 187324)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.63Italy Squalodontidae indet., Squalodon bellunensis (48656)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.63Japan (Ishikawi) Squalodon sp. (76038)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Italy Squalodon sp. (80394)
Late/Upper Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene11.63 - 3.6Chile Delphinus sp. (73840)