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Taxonomy
Larus was named by Linnaeus (1758) [Sepkoski's age data: T Mi-l-l Sepkoski's reference number: 1066]. It is extant. Its type is Larus canus. It is the type genus of Laridae, Laroidea, Larinae.
It was assigned to Lareae by Coues (1862); to Longipennes by Shufeldt (1891); to Larinae by Hay (1930), Wetmore (1940), Wetmore (1956) and Chandler (1990); to Charadriiformes by Sepkoski (2002); and to Laridae by Hay (1902), Lambrecht (1933), Brodkorb (1955), Olson (1975), Olson and James (1982), Olson (1985), Carroll (1988), Guthrie (1992), Baird (1992), Emslie (1995), Olson and Rasmussen (2001), Worthy and Grant-Mackie (2003), Mourer-Chauviré et al. (2004), Smith (2011) and Clements et al. (2017).
It was assigned to Lareae by Coues (1862); to Longipennes by Shufeldt (1891); to Larinae by Hay (1930), Wetmore (1940), Wetmore (1956) and Chandler (1990); to Charadriiformes by Sepkoski (2002); and to Laridae by Hay (1902), Lambrecht (1933), Brodkorb (1955), Olson (1975), Olson and James (1982), Olson (1985), Carroll (1988), Guthrie (1992), Baird (1992), Emslie (1995), Olson and Rasmussen (2001), Worthy and Grant-Mackie (2003), Mourer-Chauviré et al. (2004), Smith (2011) and Clements et al. (2017).
Species
L. (Larus), L. argentatus, L. atricilla, L. brachyrhynchus, L. cachinnans, L. californicus, L. canus (type species), L. chalcopterus, L. delawarensis, L. dolnicensis, L. dominicanus, L. elmorei, L. fuscus, L. glaucescens, L. glaucus, L. heermanni, L. hutchinsii, L. hyperboreus, L. lacus, L. leucopterus, L. marinus, L. occidentalis, L. oregonus, L. perpetuus, L. pristinus, L. raemdonckii, L. robustus, L. smithsonianus, L. utunui
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1758 | Larus Linnaeus |
| 1830 | Laroides Brehm |
| 1862 | Larus Coues p. 292 |
| 1891 | Larus Shufeldt p. 818 |
| 1902 | Larus Hay p. 525 |
| 1930 | Larus Hay p. 340 |
| 1933 | Larus Lambrecht p. 542 |
| 1940 | Larus Wetmore p. 60 |
| 1955 | Larus Brodkorb p. 25 |
| 1956 | Larus Wetmore p. 76 |
| 1975 | Larus Olson p. 27 |
| 1982 | Larus Olson and James p. 37 |
| 1985 | Larus Olson p. 181 |
| 1988 | Larus Carroll |
| 1990 | Larus Chandler p. 135 |
| 1992 | Larus Baird p. 26 |
| 1992 | Larus Guthrie p. 323 |
| 1995 | Larus Emslie |
| 2001 | Larus Olson and Rasmussen p. 267 |
| 2002 | Larus Sepkoski |
| 2003 | Larus Worthy and Grant-Mackie p. 451 |
| 2004 | Larus Mourer-Chauviré et al. p. 310 |
| 2011 | Larus Smith p. 30 figs. Figure 14 |
| 2017 | Larus Clements et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Larus Linnaeus 1758
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Subg. Larus (Larus) Linnaeus 1758
Larus argentatus Pontoppidan 1763 [herring gull]
Larus atricilla Linnaeus 1758 [laughing gull]
Larus brachyrhynchus Richardson 1831
Larus cachinnans Pallas 1811 [Caspian gull]
Larus californicus Lawrence 1854 [California gull]
Larus canus Linnaeus 1758 [mew gull]
Larus chalcopterus Bruch 1855
Larus delawarensis Ord 1815 [ring-billed gull]
†Larus dolnicensis Svec 1980
Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein 1823 [kelp gull]
†Larus elmorei Brodkorb 1953 [gull]
Larus fuscus Linnaeus 1758 [lesser black-backed gull]
Larus glaucescens Naumann 1840 [glaucous-winged gull]
Larus glaucus Brünnich 1764
Larus heermanni Cassin 1852 [Heermann's gull]
Larus hutchinsii Richardson 1831
Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus 1767 [glaucous gull]
†Larus lacus Emslie 1995 [gull]
Larus leucopterus Faber 1855
Larus marinus Linnaeus 1758 [great black-backed gull]
Larus occidentalis Audubon 1839 [western gull]
†Larus oregonus Shufeldt 1891
†Larus perpetuus Emslie 1995 [gull]
†Larus pristinus Shufeldt 1915
†Larus raemdonckii Van Beneden 1871
†Larus robustus Shufeldt 1891
Larus smithsonianus Coues 1862
†Larus utunui Steadman 2002 [Huahine gull]
Invalid names: Laroides Brehm 1830 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: subo = suborder, o = order | |||||
| References: Benton 1983, Marsh 1875, Bush and Bambach 2015 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Oligocene to the top of the Holocene or 33.90000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 23.03 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 23.03 Ma
Collections (106 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oligocene | USA (Oregon) | L. pristinus (176030) | |
| Aquitanian - Langhian | USA (North Carolina) | L. sp. (48887) | |
| Tortonian | USA (Florida) | L. elmori (122350 122351) | |
| Zanclean | USA (North Carolina) | L. ribibundus, L. sp., L. argentatus, L. delawarensis, L. atricilla (52582) | |
| Pliocene | USA (Florida) | L. elmorei (176044) | |
| Blancan | USA (California) | L. sp. (177996 178020) | |
| Piacenzian | USA (Florida) | L. sp., L. perpetuus, L. lacus (22712) | |
| Pleistocene | Greece (Chalkidiki) | L. sp. (183123) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (Oregon) | L. sp. (59062) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (California) | L. heermanni, L. occidentalis (176098) | |
| Calabrian | Italy | L. canus (197790) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Colorado) | L. sp. (152653) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | USA (California) | L. glaucescens (20639) | |
| Rancholabrean (glacial) | USA (California) | L. sp. (20624) | |
| Rancholabrean - Holocene | USA (California) | L. delawarensis, L. californicus, L. occidentalis (84904) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | New Zealand (North Otago) | L. dominicanus (87789) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Wyoming) | L. sp. (93277) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | L. sp. (34269) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Florida) | L. sp. (20636) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Peru | L. atricilla (71346) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | New Zealand (South Island) | L. dominicanus (87814) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Virginia) | L. hyperboreus (57706 73485) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Oregon) | L. argentatus, L. robustus, L. oregonus (176222) L. californicus, L. robustus, L. oregonus (93251) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Azerbaijan | L. cachinnans (193356) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Seychelles (Aldabra) | L. sp. (192430) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (California) | L. brachyrhynchos (190077) L. californicus (120827 120830) L. californicus, L. heermanni, L. occidentalis (123918 215552) L. sp. (125234) L. sp., L. californicus (125236) L. sp., L. delawarensis, L. californicus (176102) L. sp., L. oregonus (20273) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Spain | L. canus (150207) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Portugal | L. sp. (197768) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Japan (Aomori) | L. argentatus (101898) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | Russian Federation | L. canus (194812) | |
| Holocene | Saint Helena | L. sp. (176072) | |
| Holocene | Greenland | L. glaucoides, L. hyperboreus (230120) L. hyperboreus (162014 226353 227758 227851 227875) L. sp. (229885 229938 229940 229942 229943) | |
| Holocene | Chile | L. dominicanus (215543) | |
| Holocene | Canada (Northwest Territories) | L. agentatus, L. hyperboreus, L. canus (228492) L. hyperboreus (228921) L. sp. (228444) | |
| Holocene | New Zealand (South Island) | L. dominicanus (87792) | |
| Holocene | French Polynesia | L. n. sp. (194675) | |
| Holocene | Argentina | L. spp. (162173) | |
| Holocene | Finland | L. sp. (209155) L. sp., L. canus (177177) | |
| Holocene | Canada (Nunavut) | L. hyperboreus (228896 229489) L. sp. (228920) L. sp., L. glaucoides, L. hyperboreus (228927) L. sp., L. hyperboreus (160848) L. thayeri, L. hyperboreus (229484) | |
| Holocene | USA (Florida) | L. argentatus, L. atricilla, L. marinus (195050) | |
| Holocene | South Africa | L. dominicanus (177146 177147 177148) | |
| Holocene | Canada (Quebec) | L. delawarensis (224189) L. sp. (228861) | |
| Holocene | USA (Alaska) | L. hyperboreus (177179) L. sp., L. glaucescens, L. hyperboreus (177178) | |
| Holocene | French Polynesia (Society Islands) | L. sp. (215325) | |
| Holocene | Bahamas | L. atricilla (194597) | |
| Holocene | New Zealand | L. dominicanus (194614 198088) L. sp., L. dominicanus (195150) L. spp., L. dominicanus (100554 194618 194619) | |
| Holocene | Venezuela | Leucophaeus atricilla (197931 197932 197934) | |
| Holocene | USA (California) | L. sp. (194917) L. sp. large (194908 194909 194911 194925 194926 194928) L. sp. large, L. sp. small (194906 194907 194910 194912 194927) L. sp., L. sp. large, L. sp. small (194914) | |
| Holocene | France (Corse) | L. canus (215376) | |
| Holocene | Canada (Newfoundland) | L. sp., L. argentatus, L. marinus (228844) | |
| Holocene | Congo-Kinshasa | L. fuscus (22068) | |
| Holocene | Madagascar | L. sp. (195019) | |
| Holocene | Spain | L. canus (215699) |