Bivalvia - Ostreida - Gryphaeidae
Alternative spelling: Pycnodontinae
Synonyms: Costeininae Vialov 1983, Monticulinidae Ivanov 1995, Monticulininae Ivanov 1995
Parent taxon: Gryphaeidae according to S. Mendir et al. 2021
See also Adegoke 1977, Beu 2006, Beu et al. 1990, Bouchet et al. 2010, Carter et al. 2011, Casadio 1998, Freneix et al. 1988, Gliozzi and Malatesta 1983, Marquet 2002, Maxwell 1992, Moore 1987, Perrilliat 1994, Robinson and Lee 2011, Squires 2018, Squires and Demetrion 1990, Stilwell 1998, Vokes 1980 and Ward 1992
Sister taxa: Argutostrea, Circunula, Exogyrinae, Gryphaeinae, Gryphaeostreinae, Radiolaewellinae
Subtaxa: Costeina Gigantostrea Hyotissa Hyotissini Labrostrea Monticulina Neopycnodonta Neopycnodonte Neopycnodontini Pycnodonte Pycnodontini Texigryphaea
Type: Pycnodonteini
Ecology: stationary epifaunal suspension feeder
Distribution:
• Quaternary of Angola (1 collection), Djibouti (2), Ecuador (1), Eritrea (1), France (1), French Polynesia (1), Greece (1), Iran (1), Italy (3), Japan (3), Kenya (6), Mayotte (1), Mexico (3), the Netherlands (1), Panama (1), Portugal (3), South Africa (1), Spain (4), Sudan (1), Tanzania (1), United States (8: California, Florida, South Carolina)
• Pliocene to Pleistocene of Egypt (1), Malaysia (2), United States (1: Florida)
• Pliocene of Algeria (3), Belgium (1), Colombia (1), the Dominican Republic (1), Egypt (2), Greece (5), India (1), Italy (2), Japan (2), Mexico (5), Panama (7), Spain (1), United States (17: California, Florida, South Carolina)
• Miocene of Algeria (7), Australia (1), Austria (10), Belgium (1), Brazil (3), Bulgaria (3), Colombia (5), Costa Rica (1), Cuba (3), Cyprus (5), the Czech Republic (1), the Dominican Republic (1), Egypt (2), Fiji (1), France (1), Germany (1), Greece (4), Grenada (3), Haiti (10), India (3), Indonesia (2), Iran (3), Iraq (1), Italy (11), Japan (1), Madagascar (1), Mexico (3), Moldova (2), Morocco (3), New Zealand (6), Pakistan (5), Panama (46), Poland (7), Slovakia (2), Somalia (8), South Africa (1), Spain (3), Sri Lanka (2), Trinidad and Tobago (1), United States (46: California, Florida, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Virginia), Venezuela (1)
• Oligocene to Miocene of United States (2: Florida, Virginia)
• Oligocene of Antigua and Barbuda (1), Austria (1), Bulgaria (9), Colombia (1), Costa Rica (1), Denmark (3), France (1), Germany (1), Hungary (1), Israel (1), New Zealand (2), Puerto Rico (5), Turkey (2), United States (20: Alaska, California, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Washington)
• Eocene of Bulgaria (8), Canada (1: British Columbia), France (3), Germany (1), Italy (3), Japan (5), Mexico (11), Myanmar (1), the Netherlands (2), the Netherlands Antilles (2), New Zealand (12), Panama (1), Romania (3), Senegal (2), Spain (2), Turkey (2), the United Kingdom (8), United States (108: Alabama, California, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas)
• Paleocene of Argentina (69), Austria (4), Belgium (6), Bulgaria (4), China (2), Denmark (3), Egypt (1), France (1), Germany (1), Libya (1), Niger (1), Nigeria (1), Poland (2), Trinidad and Tobago (1), United States (13: Alabama, California, Montana, New Jersey, Texas, Virginia)
• Cretaceous to Paleogene of United States (1: New Jersey)
• Cretaceous of Afghanistan (18), Algeria (9), Angola (4), Antarctica (8), Argentina (50), Australia (1), Austria (3), Belgium (2), Brazil (15), Bulgaria (1), Chile (1), China (1), Colombia (4), the Congo-Brazzaville (2), the Czech Republic (8), Denmark (3), Ecuador (2), Egypt (32), France (12), Gabon (1), Germany (26), Hungary (1), India (8), Iran (1), Israel (2), Italy (2), Japan (6), Jordan (3), Kazakhstan (7), Libya (8), Madagascar (1), Mexico (2), Morocco (5), Mozambique (3), the Netherlands (1), New Zealand (3), Niger (1), Nigeria (6), Oman (7), Pakistan (1), Peru (3), Poland (13), Portugal (2), the Russian Federation (3), Serbia and Montenegro (1), Spain (3), Sweden (2), Switzerland (1), Tunisia (5), Turkey (4), Turkmenistan (1), Ukraine (1), the United Arab Emirates (1), the United Kingdom (15), United States (337: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Kansas, Maryland, Mississippi, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah)
Total: 1318 collections including 1463 occurrences