Parent taxon: Cephalaspidea according to J. A. Todd 2001
See also Beesley 1998 and Harzhauser 2007
Sister taxa: Acteonoida, Cylichnoidea, Cylindrobulloidea, Haminoeoidea, Notodiaphanidae, Philinoidea, Ringiculoidea, Runcinoidea
Subtaxa: Bullidae
Ecology: epifaunal carnivore
Distribution:
• Quaternary of Australia (5 collections), the Bahamas (4), Bermuda (3), Brazil (1), Cayman Islands (3), Chile (1), Colombia (1), Costa Rica (1), Cuba (2), Djibouti (3), the Dominican Republic (1), Eritrea (1), French Polynesia (1), Haiti (7), Jamaica (3), Mayotte (1), Mexico (4), Panama (1), Peru (1), Saudi Arabia (3), the Seychelles (1), South Africa (4), United States (34: California, Florida, Hawaii), Uruguay (1), Venezuela (2)
• Pliocene to Pleistocene of United States (1: Florida)
• Pliocene of Chile (2), Colombia (4), Costa Rica (4), the Dominican Republic (2), Ecuador (2), Fiji (1), Holy See (Vatican City State) (1), Indonesia (2), Jamaica (2), Japan (1), Mexico (1), Panama (1), Papua New Guinea (1), United States (7: California, Florida), Vanuatu (1), Venezuela (5)
• Miocene to Pliocene of the Dominican Republic (3), United States (1: California)
• Miocene of Algeria (2), Chile (5), Colombia (2), the Dominican Republic (4), Germany (5), Grenada (2), Haiti (4), Indonesia (2), Jamaica (1), Morocco (1), Northern Mariana Islands (1), Panama (3), Puerto Rico (1), Ukraine (1), United States (9: California, Florida)
• Oligocene to Miocene of United States (1: Florida)
• Oligocene of Oman (1), Panama (1), United States (1: Mississippi)
• Eocene of Antarctica (7), France (17), Indonesia (1), Jamaica (3), Japan (1), Namibia (1), the United Kingdom (16), United States (3: California, South Carolina, Texas)
• Paleocene of Argentina (1), Greenland (2), United States (1: Louisiana)
• Cretaceous of France (3), Switzerland (5), United States (13: Alabama, Delaware, Mississippi, Missouri, Wyoming)
• Jurassic of Portugal (1), Somalia (1), Yemen (1)
Total: 255 collections including 300 occurrences