Infraorder Gasterosteales (perch-like fish)
Parent taxon: Cottioidei according to R. Betancur et al. 2013
Sister taxa: Anoplopomatales, Cottales, Zoarcales
Subtaxa: Aulorhynchidae Gasterosteidae Hypoptychidae
Ecology: nektonic carnivore
Distribution:
• Quaternary of Canada (2: Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario collections), the United Kingdom (2), United States (6: California, Michigan)
• Pliocene of United States (1: California)
• Hemphillian of United States (1: Nevada)
• Miocene of the Russian Federation (2), United States (1: California)
Total: 15 collections including 16 occurrences