Gastropoda - Epitonioidea - Epitoniidae
Alternative spellings: Epitonium (Opalia), Scala (Opalia), Scalaria (Opalia)
Parent taxon: Epitoniidae according to S. F. B. Lima and M. K. Christoffersen 2014
See also Addicott 1970, Allison 1955, Durham 1937, Durham 1944, Gabb 1864, Martin 1904, Moody 1916, Moore 1976, Nielson and Valdovinos 2008, Oldroyd 1925, Sepkoski 2002, Sohl 1964, Squires and Saul 2003, Todd 2001, Wienrich 2001 and Wilson 1993
Sister taxa: Aciculiscala, Acirsa, Acirsinae, Acrilla, Alora, Amaea, Belliscala, Cerithiscala, Cirsotrema, Clathroscala, Clathrus, Claviscala, Confusiscala, Crossotrema, Dannevigena, Eglisia, Epitomium, Epitoniinae, Epitonium, Filiscala, Gregorioiscala, Gryoscala, Littoriniscala, Mazescala, Murdochella, Narvaliscala, Notacirsa, Nystiellinae, Opaliinae, Papuliscala, Pliciscala, Problitora, Pseudosassia, Scalaria, Scalina, Sthenorytis, Turriscala, Variciscala, Funis, Australolaxispira
Subtaxa: Opalia (Contemniscala) Opalia (Crassiscala) Opalia (Dentiscala) Opalia (Granuliscala) Opalia (Nodiscala) Opalia (Opalia) Opalia (Pliciscala) Opalia (Rugatiscala) Opalia atra Opalia borealis Opalia cavea Opalia crenatoides Opalia insculpta Opalia mathewsonii Opalia montereyensis Opalia varicostata Scala (Opalia) calvertensis Scala (Opalia) prunicola Scala (Opalia) reticulata
Ecology: slow-moving low-level epifaunal carnivore
Distribution:
• Quaternary of Australia (1 collection), Greenland (1), Mexico (4), Panama (1), United States (20: California, Florida)
• Pliocene to Pleistocene of United States (3: California)
• Pliocene of Belgium (1), Italy (1), Jamaica (2), the United Kingdom (1), United States (5: California), Venezuela (1)
• Miocene of Chile (2), France (1), Germany (14), Italy (1), Japan (1), Panama (2), Poland (1), United States (5: Florida, Oregon)
• Oligocene of Denmark (5), France (1), Germany (1), United States (9: California, Oregon, Washington)
• Eocene to Oligocene of Argentina (2)
• Eocene of France (2), the United Kingdom (4), United States (9: Alabama, Texas)
• Paleocene of Australia (2), Denmark (2), Greenland (1), United States (2: Texas)
• Cretaceous of Mexico (3), United States (4: California, Texas)
Total: 115 collections including 133 occurrences
Specimen images are retrieved through the ePANDDA API.
Click image to enlarge. Click to access iDigBio record.