PBDB Collection

Montagnola Senese, near Siena, Tuscany (Pleistocene of Italy)

Where: Tuscany, Italy (43.3° N, 11.3° E: paleocoordinates 43.3° N, 11.3° E)

• coordinate based on nearby landmark

When: Early/Lower Pleistocene (2.6 - 0.8 Ma)

• Late Villanyian, Early Pleistocene.

Environment/lithology: cave

• Lower part of the cave contains terra rossa friabile. There is also some more compact breccia.

Size classes: macrofossils, mesofossils

Collection methods: sieve

• Friable Terra rossa sieved through 1 to 0.5mm sieves. Hardened breccia dissolved using 85% 'acido formico'. Material held in the Instituto di Geologia e Paleontologia di Siena, with some in the private collections of F. Filippini and G. Maccherini.

Primary reference: R. Fondi. 1972. Fauna Cromeriana della Montagnola Senese. Palaeontographia Italica 68:1-27 [A. Turner/H. O'Regan/H. O'Regan]more details

Purpose of describing collection: taxonomic analysis

PaleoDB collection 51778: authorized by Alan Turner, entered by Hannah O'Regan on 17.06.2005, edited by Evangelos Vlachos

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

Show authors, comments, and common names

unclassified
-	Chondrina similis, Eobania vermiculata Chondrina similis Eobania vermiculata
Amphibia
Salientia - Discoglossidae	Discoglossus sp.¹ Discoglossus sp.¹ Otth 1837 painted frog predominante.
Salientia - Hylidae	Hyla sp. Hyla sp. Laurenti 1768 tree frog
Aves
-	Aves indet. Aves indet. Linnaeus 1758 bird numerous examples of indeterminate small and medium birds.
Reptilia
Sauria -	Sauria indet. Sauria indet. diapsid 2 types, Sauri gen. e sp. indet. 1 maxilla fragment and 3 incomplete mandibles.
Squamata - Colubridae	Colubridae indet. Colubridae indet. Oppel 1811 colubrid snake numerous vertebrae.
Testudines - Testudinidae	Testudo sp. Testudo sp. Linnaeus 1758 turtle carapace fragments.
Mammalia
Chiroptera - Vespertilionidae	Myotis ex gr. schaubi, Myotis sp., Myotis blythi² Myotis ex gr. schaubi vesper bat Myotis del gruppo schaubi-rapax. 4 incomplete mandibles. Myotis sp. Kaup 1829 vesper bat 3 fragmentary mandibles. Myotis blythi² Tomes 1857 lesser mouse-eared bat 1 maxilla with P4-P3, 4 mandible fragments, 1 upper canine, 1 lower canine.
Chiroptera - Molossidae	? Tadarida sp. ? Tadarida sp. Rafinesque 1814 free-tailed bat 1 mandible fragment with M2-M3.
Carnivora - Ursidae	Ursus ex gr. etruscus Ursus ex gr. etruscus Cuvier 1823 bear Ursus del gruppo etruscus-arctos. 1 lower M1, 1 distal epiphysis of a 4th metacarpal, 1 mandibular canine.
Carnivora - Canidae	Canis sp. Canis sp. Linnaeus 1758 canine lower I2 and I3.
Carnivora - Felidae	Panthera sp. Panthera sp. Oken 1816 cat 1 astragalus, 1 proximal 3rd metatarsal, 1 distal 4th metatarsal, 2 second phalanges, 1 proximal femur, 1 mandibular fragment.
Perissodactyla - Equidae	Equus caballus Equus caballus Linnaeus 1758 horse 1 deciduous P3, 1 fragmentary upper P3.
Perissodactyla - Rhinocerotidae	"Dicerorhinus etruscus" = Stephanorhinus etruscus "Dicerorhinus etruscus" = Stephanorhinus etruscus Falconer 1868 rhinoceros 1 lower P2, 1 upper P4 (both deciduous), 2 lower P3, and 2 lower M2. 1 incomplete tooth row.
Artiodactyla - Cervidae	Cervus sp., Dama sp., Capreolus sp. Cervus sp. Linnaeus 1758 deer 6 teeth, 2 first phalanges. Dama sp. Frisch 1775 fallow deer 7 isolated teeth, 1 proximal radius, 1 distal ulna, 2 scaphoids, 2 trapezoids, 3 metapodial condyles, 1 second and 2 third phalanges, 1 distal femur and 1 distal tibia, 1 calcaneum and 1 incomplete astragalus. Capreolus sp. Gray 1821 roe 1 second phalanx, 1 distal tibia.
Artiodactyla - Bovidae	Bovidae indet. Bovidae indet. Gray 1821 antelope 1 distal first phalanx.
Theriamorpha - Talpidae	Talpa minor² Talpa minor² Freudenberg 1914 mole 4 humerii, 2 radii, 3 ulnae, 2 mandible fragments.
Theriamorpha - Soricidae	Crocidura kornfeldi², Sorex bor² Crocidura kornfeldi² Kormos 1934 white-toothed shrew 1 mandible fragment with M1 and M3. Sorex bor² Reumer 1984 long-tailed shrew 1 mandible.
Lagomorpha - Ochotonidae	Prolagus sp.² Prolagus sp.² Pomel 1853 pika 5 mandibles, 1 cranium, 13 lower P3, 4 lower I1, 5 upper I1, 2 humerii, 3 radii, 2 ulnae, 1 femur plus metacarpals and metatarsals.
Lagomorpha - Leporidae	Oryctolagus lacosti² Oryctolagus lacosti² rabbit 5 lower incisors, 8 maxillae, 20 mandibles, 1 scapula, 1 proximal and 1 distal humerus, 2 proximal ulnae, 1 distal radius, 1 incomplete cervical vertebra, 1 pelvis, 1 distal femur, 1 incomplete calcaneum, plus metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges.
Rodentia - Cricetidae	Mimomys pitymyoides², Mimomys sp.² Mimomys pitymyoides² vole Mimomys sp.² Forsyth-Major 1902 vole 1 mandible fragment, 10 lower M1, 7 lower M2, 7 upper M1, 6 upper M2, 3 upper M3, three proximal ulnae and 2 fragments of zygomatic arch.
Rodentia - Muridae	Apodemus mystacinus² Apodemus mystacinus² Danford and Alston 1877 Eastern broad-toothed field mouse Apodemus del gruppo alsomyoides-mystacinus. 15 incomplete mandibles.
Rodentia - Gliridae	Muscardinus sp. Muscardinus sp. Kaup 1829 dormouse 1 incomplete mandible.
Gastropoda
Stylommatophora - Achatinidae	Rumina decollata Rumina decollata Linnaeus 1758 slug
Stylommatophora - Limacidae	Limax sp. Limax sp. Linnaeus 1758 slug
Pulmonata - Discidae	Discus rotundatus Discus rotundatus disk snail
Sorbeoconcha - Pomatiidae	Pomatias elegans Pomatias elegans periwinkle

¹Holman 1998; ²Kotsakis et al. 2003