KB3, Kossom Bougoudi (Miocene to of Chad)

Also known as KB03

Where: Chad (16.3° N, 18.7° E: paleocoordinates 16.1° N, 18.1° E)

• coordinate stated in text

• local area-level geographic resolution

When: Late/Upper Miocene to Late/Upper Miocene (11.6 - 3.6 Ma)

• fossils are shown spanning most of a 5 m section

• member-level stratigraphic resolution

Environment/lithology: lacustrine; unlithified, bioturbated, green sandstone

• lithology represents "repetitive climatic fluctuations between environments of ephemeral streams and of lakes"
• "The sandstones are little or poorly cemented, without oblique stratification but strongly channeled... markedly heterogranular with an abundant supporting matrix. Frequent dessication cracks... insect bioturbations... are omnipresent... Fossils are known almost entirely from lower and upper green sandstones"

Size classes: macrofossils, mesofossils

Collection methods: "focus of this paper is on the environment and faunas"

Primary reference: M. Brunet, A. Beuavilain, D. Billiou, H. Bocherens, J. R. Boisserie, L. De Bonis, P. Branger, A. Brunet, Y. Coppens, R. Daams, J. Dejax, C. Denys, P. Duringer, V. Eisenmann, F. Fanoné, P. M. Fronty Gayet, D. Gerrads, F. Guy, M. Kasser, G. Koufos, A. Likus, N. Lopez-Martinez, and A. Lo. 2000. Chad: discovery of a vertebrate fauna close to the Mio-Pliocene boundary. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20(1):205-209 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Uhen]more details

Purpose of describing collection: paleoecologic analysis

PaleoDB collection 24181: authorized by John Alroy, entered by John Alroy on 01.08.2002, edited by Mark Uhen and Matthew Clapham

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

• list is complete but sketchy
Show authors, comments, and common names
unclassified
  -
? Papilionoideae indet., cf. Sindacharax sp.
Insecta
 Dicondylia -
Hymenoptera indet.
Hymenoptera indet. Linnaeus 1758 winged insect
"nests"
 Coleoptera - Scarabaeidae
Scarabaeidae indet.
Scarabaeidae indet. Latreille 1802 scarab beetle
"nests"
 Blattodea - Hodotermitidae
Hodotermitidae indet.
Hodotermitidae indet. Desneux 1904 termite
"nests"
Mammalia
 Proboscidea - Elephantidae
Stegodon kaisensis, Elephantinae indet., "Primelephas aff. gomphotheroides" = Primelephas korotorensis
Stegodon kaisensis Hopwood 1939 elephant
"Nkondo stage"
Elephantinae indet. Gray 1821 elephant
"primitive"
"Primelephas aff. gomphotheroides" = Primelephas korotorensis Coppens 1965 elephant
from KB 3: see Mackaye et al. 2008
 Proboscidea - Gomphotheriidae
Anancus kenyensis
Anancus kenyensis MacInnes 1942 gomphothere
"kenyensis morph"
 Tubulidentata - Orycteropodidae
Orycteropus abundulafus n. sp.2
Orycteropus abundulafus n. sp.2 Lehmann et al. 2005 aardvark
said to be new
 Perissodactyla - Equidae
Hipparion sp.
Hipparion sp. de Christol 1832 hipparionine horse
said to be new; large
 Perissodactyla - Rhinocerotidae
cf. Diceros sp.
cf. Diceros sp. Gray 1821 black rhino
 Artiodactyla - Hippopotamidae
Hexaprotodon cf. mingoz1, "Hexaprotodon harvardi" = Archaeopotamus harvardi
Hexaprotodon cf. mingoz1 Boisserie et al. 2003 pygmy hippo
"Hexaprotodon harvardi" = Archaeopotamus harvardi Coryndon 1977 hippopotamus
 Artiodactyla - Giraffidae
Giraffidae indet., Giraffa cf. jumae
Giraffidae indet. Gray 1821 giraffe
Giraffa cf. jumae Leakey 1967 giraffe
 Artiodactyla - Bovidae
cf. Simatherium sp., Kobus sp., cf. Aepyceros sp., cf. Antidorcas sp., aff. Protoryx sp.
cf. Simatherium sp. Dietrich 1941 antelope
Kobus sp. Smith 1840 antelope
said to be new
cf. Aepyceros sp. Sundevall 1847 impala
cf. Antidorcas sp. Sundevall 1847 springbok
aff. Protoryx sp. Forsyth Major 1891 antelope
 Artiodactyla - Camelidae
Paracamelus sp.
Paracamelus sp. Schlosser 1903 camel
 Artiodactyla - Suidae
Suinae indet., Nyanzachoerus kanamensis
Suinae indet. Gray 1821 pig
said to be new
Nyanzachoerus kanamensis Leakey 1958 pig
 Placentalia -
Carnivora indet.
Carnivora indet. Bowdich 1821 carnivoran
 Carnivora - Felidae
Dinofelis sp.
Dinofelis sp. Zdansky 1924 cat
 Carnivora - Hyaenidae
Lycyaena sp.
Lycyaena sp. Hensel 1863 hyaena
 Carnivora - Canidae
Canidae indet.
Canidae indet. Fischer de Waldheim 1817 canid
 Lagomorpha - Leporidae
Serengetilagus aff. precapensis
 Placentalia -
Rodentia indet.
Rodentia indet. Bowdich 1821 rodent
 Rodentia - Sciuridae
Xerus sp.
Xerus sp. Hemprich and Ehrenberg 1833 African ground squirrel
said to be new
 Rodentia - Muridae
Arvicanthis sp.
Arvicanthis sp. Lesson 1842 grass rat
"division"
 Rodentia - Spalacidae
cf. Tachyoryctini indet.
Reptilia
 Squamata - Boidae
Python aff. sebae
Python aff. sebae Gmelin 1789 rock python
boid
 Squamata - Varanidae
Varanus cf. niloticus
Varanus cf. niloticus Linnaeus 1766 Nile monitor
varanid
 Testudines - Trionychidae
Trionychidae indet.
Trionychidae indet. Gray 1825 softshell turtle
 Testudines - Testudinidae
Testudinidae indet.
Testudinidae indet. Batsch 1788 turtle
 Crocodylia - Crocodylidae
"Crocodylus lloydi" = Rimasuchus lloydi, Euthecodon cf. brumpti
"Crocodylus lloydi" = Rimasuchus lloydi Fourtau 1918 crocodile
Euthecodon cf. brumpti Joleaud 1920 crocodile
crocodylid
 Crocodylia - Gavialidae
Gavialidae indet.
Gavialidae indet. crocodilian
said to be a new genus
Aves
 Ciconiiformes - Ciconiidae
Leptoptilos "sp. B"3, Leptoptilini "indet. A"3
Leptoptilos "sp. B"3 Lesson 1831 stork
ciconiid; said to be new
Leptoptilini "indet. A"3 Mayr and Cottrell 1979 stork
 Anseriformes - Anatidae
Anatidae indet.
Anatidae indet. Vigors 1825 waterfowl
Actinopteri
 Characiformes - Alestidae
Hydrocynus sp.
Hydrocynus sp. Cuvier 1816
characid
 Siluriformes - Mochokidae
Synodontis sp.
Synodontis sp. Cuvier 1816 upside down catfish
mochokid
 Siluriformes - Bagridae
Bagrus sp.
Bagrus sp. Bosc 1816 naked catfish
bagrid
 Siluriformes - Clariidae
Clariidae indet.
Clariidae indet. Bonaparte 1846 airbreathing catfish
"Clarias/Heterobranchus"
 Siluriformes - Ariidae
Ariidae indet., Arius gigas
Ariidae indet. Berg 1958 Ariid catfish
said to be new
Arius gigas Ariid catfish
ariid
 Siluriformes - Claroteidae
Clarotes sp.
Clarotes sp. Kner 1855 catfish
bagrid
 Cichliformes - Cichlidae
Cichlidae indet.
Cichlidae indet. Heckel 1840 cichlid
 Acanthomorphata - Centropomidae
Lates niloticus
Lates niloticus Linnaeus 1758 Nile perch
latid
 Tetraodontiformes - Tetraodontidae
Tetraodontidae indet.
1Boisserie et al. 2003; 2Lehmann et al. 2005; 3Louchart et al. 2004