Lothagam - Apak Mb. (Pliocene to of Kenya)

Also known as ETE Locality 1058, Lothagam 1, Lothagam 1C, Lothagam, Lothagam - Apak Mb, Nachukui Formation

Where: Kenya (2.9° N, 36.1° E: paleocoordinates 2.7° N, 35.6° E)

• coordinate stated in text

• local area-level geographic resolution

When: Apak Member (Nachukui Formation), Zanclean to Zanclean (5.3 - 2.6 Ma)

• K-Ar dating constrains the base of the Apak Member to be older than 4.22 +/- 0.03 Ma (from altered pumices 35 m above the base of the Apak Member) and younger than about 5 Ma (4.9 Ma is suggested). The top of the Apak Member is the Lothagam Basalt, which has been dated (K-Ar) to 4.2 +/- 0.03 Ma.

• member-level stratigraphic resolution

Environment/lithology: fluvial-lacustrine; poorly lithified sandstone and poorly lithified, paleosol/pedogenic mudstone

• Thick upward-fining cycles indicate fairly rapid accumulation rates on a meandering floodplain. River may have a more seasonal flow regime, but the well-sorted sands do not suggest strongly ephemeral conditions. There is a shift to lacustrine sedimentation within the upper Apak signaling the establishment of the Lonyumun Lake.
• The Apak Member encompasses sediments overlying the Purple Marker of the Upper Nawata and beneath the Lothagam basalt. It is characterized by thick upward-fining cycles. Lithologies are 71% sandstone and 29% mudstone. Sand bodies are typically single-storied, dominated by a coarse quartzofeldspathic sand at the base, and fining upward to a pedogenically modified mudstone. In the southern exposures, the upper part of the member includes lacustrine strata with abundant fish remains, probably reflecting the development of the Lonyumun Lake at ca. 4.1 Ma. Mammalian faunas are not abundant in the member.

Size classes: macrofossils, mesofossils

Collection methods: bulk, surface (in situ), mechanical, sieve,

• Collection held at the KNM in Nairobi under the reference KNM-LT-. Surface collection.

Primary reference: M. G. Leakey and J. M. Harris. 2003. Lothagam: the dawn of humanity in eastern Africa. Lothagam: the dawn of humanity in eastern Africa 678 [A. Behrensmeyer/R. Bobe/R. Bobe]more details

Purpose of describing collection: paleoecologic analysis

PaleoDB collection 22235: authorized by Anna Behrensmeyer, entered by Anna Behrensmeyer on 30.06.1999, edited by Suzanne Cote and Philip Mannion

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

unclassified
  -
Actinopteri
 Teleostei -
Perciformes indet. Bleeker 1859 perch-like fish
 Perciformes -
Percoidei indet. Bleeker 1859 perch-like fish
 Acanthomorphata - Centropomidae
Lates niloticus Linnaeus 1758 Nile perch
 Cypriniformes - Cyprinidae
Cyprinidae indet. Rafinesque 1815 carp-like fish
Barbus sp. Cuvier and Cloquet 1816 carp-like fish
 Teleostei -
 Siluriformes - Claroteidae
Clarotes sp. Kner 1855 catfish
 Siluriformes - Bagridae
Bagridae indet. Bleeker 1852 naked catfish
Bagrus aff. sp. Bosc 1816 naked catfish
 Siluriformes - Mochokidae
Synodontis sp. Cuvier 1816 upside down catfish
 Characiformes - Characidae
 Characiformes - Alestidae
Hydrocynus sp. Cuvier 1816
 Osteoglossiformes - Gymnarchidae
Gymnarchus sp. Cuvier 1829 aba knifefish
 Osteoglossiformes - Osteoglossidae
Heterotis sp. Rüppell 1828 African arowana
Cladistia
 Polypteriformes - Polypteridae
Polypterus sp. Lacépède 1803 bichir
Osteichthyes
 Ceratodontiformes - Lepidosirenidae
Protopterus sp. Agassiz 1843 african lungfish
Mammalia
 Proboscidea - Elephantidae
Elephantidae indet. Gray 1821 elephant
incertae sedis A
Elephas cf. ekorensis Maglio 1970 elephant
1 specimen may be Upper Nawata
Loxodonta aff. exoptata Dietrich 1941 African elephant
Stegotetrabelodon orbus Maglio 1970 elephant
 Proboscidea - Gomphotheriidae
Anancus kenyensis MacInnes 1942 gomphothere
 Proboscidea - Deinotheriidae
Deinotherium bozasi Arambourg 1934 deinothere
 Carnivora - Felidae
Dinofelis sp. Zdansky 1924 cat
 Carnivora - Hyaenidae
Ikelohyaena cf. abronia Hendey 1974 hyaena
cf. Hyaenictis sp. Gaudry 1861 hyaena
 Artiodactyla - Hippopotamidae
"Hexaprotodon cf. protamphibius" = Hippopotamus protamphibius, "Hexaprotodon harvardi" = Archaeopotamus harvardi
"Hexaprotodon cf. protamphibius" = Hippopotamus protamphibius Arambourg 1944 hippo
"Hexaprotodon harvardi" = Archaeopotamus harvardi Coryndon 1977 hippopotamus
1 may be Upper Nawata
 Artiodactyla - Suidae
"Notochoerus euilus" = Hylochoerus euilus Hopwood 1926 giant forest hog
Nyanzachoerus jaegeri Coppens 1971 pig
 Artiodactyla - Giraffidae
Giraffa stillei Arambourg 1947 giraffe
 Artiodactyla - Bovidae
Tragoportax aff. cyrenaicus Thomas 1979 antelope
Gazella sp. Blaineville 1816 gazelle
Bovini indet. Gray 1821 antelope
Tragelaphini indet. Blyth 1863 antelope
Aepyceros premelampus n. sp. Harris 2003 impala
Reduncini indet. Knottnerus-Meyer 1907 antelope
Kobus presigmoidalis Harris 2003 antelope
Raphicerus sp. Smith 1827 antelope
originally entered as "Raphiceras sp."
Madoqua sp. Ogilby 1837 dikdik
Hippotragus sp. Sundevall 1845 antelope
Alcelaphini indet. Brookes 1876 antelope
Damalacra "sp. A" Gentry 1980 antelope
sp. A 1 additional specimen could be Apak or Upper Nawata
Damalacra "sp. B" Gentry 1980 antelope
sp. B
 Perissodactyla - Equidae
Eurygnathohippus sp. Van Hoepen 1930 hipparionine horse
large sp.
 Perissodactyla - Rhinocerotidae
Diceros bicornis Linnaeus 1758 black rhinoceros
 Lagomorpha - Leporidae
 Primates - Cercopithecidae
Cercopithecidae indet. Gray 1821 monkey
Colobinae indet. Blyth 1875 monkey
sp. C
Cercopithecoides kerioensis Leakey et al. 2003 monkey
cf. Parapapio sp. Jones 1937 monkey
 Primates - Hominidae
Hominidae indet. Gray 1825 ape
Reptilia
 Testudines - Testudinidae
cf. Geochelone indet. Fitzinger 1835 turtle
 Testudines - Podocnemididae
Kenyemys williamsi Wood 1983 sideneck turtle
Turkanemys pattersoni Wood 2003 sideneck turtle
Aves
  -
Aves indet. Linnaeus 1758 bird
 Ciconiiformes - Ciconiidae
Leptoptilos sp. Lesson 1831 stork
 Struthioniformes - Struthionidae
cf. Struthio indet. Linnaeus 1758 ostrich
Reptilia
 Crocodylia - Crocodylidae
Euthecodon brumpti Joleaud 1920 crocodile
Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti 1768 Nile crocodile
Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni Brochu and Storrs 2012 crocodile
may be Upper Nawata
Malacostraca
 Decapoda - Potamonautidae
Potamonautidae indet. Bott 1970 crab