Indian Stronghold (Protoceras Channel) (Oligocene of the United States)
Where: Shannon County, South Dakota (43.3° N, 102.5° W: paleocoordinates 44.3° N, 95.0° W)
• coordinate based on political unit
When: Poleslide Member (Brule Formation), Whitneyan (33.3 - 30.8 Ma)
Environment/lithology: fluvial; poorly lithified, coarse-grained sandstone
• "coarse stream-transported" sandstone that is collected in "blocks" (Sinclair 1925)
Size class: macrofossils
Reposited in the AMNH
• AMNH and Princeton University collections
Primary reference: H. F. Osborn and J. L. Wortman. 1894. Fossil mammals of the Lower Miocene White River beds. Collection of 1892. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 6(7):199-228 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Carrano]more details
Purpose of describing collection: general faunal/floral analysis
PaleoDB collection 17344: authorized by John Alroy, entered by John Alroy on 18.10.1995, edited by Jonathan Marcot
Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)
Taxonomic list
• because Big Corral Draw "is the primary set of outcrops worked by the early collectors" of Protoceras beds material (Patton and Taylor 1973), AMNH Protoceras Beds collection of 1892 is included here; this is referred to as "the Cheyenne River locality" in early publications
"Mesohippus bairdi" no specimens described, omitted by Osborn and Wortman 1895
"Mesohippus copei" Osborn and Wortman 1895: type, "Protoceras layer of the Cheyenne River locality"; apparently a nomen dubium based on discussion of Osborn 1904
"Mesohippus bairdi" no specimens described, omitted by Osborn and Wortman 1895
"Mesohippus copei" Osborn and Wortman 1895: type, "Protoceras layer of the Cheyenne River locality"; apparently a nomen dubium based on discussion of Osborn 1904
Show authors, comments, and common names
| Mammalia | |
"Miohippus gidleyi n. sp." = Miohippus gidleyi4, "Mesohippus grallipes n. sp." = Miohippus gidleyi7, "Mesohippus validus n. sp." = Miohippus gidleyi4, "Miohippus crassicuspis n. sp." = Miohippus annectens, "Mesohippus intermedius n. sp." = Miohippus intermedius
"Mesohippus grallipes n. sp." = Miohippus gidleyi7 Osborn 1904 anchitheriine horse "Protoceras beds... drainage basin of Cottonwood Creek": collected by J. B. Hatcher and J. A. Murray in 1893
"Mesohippus validus n. sp." = Miohippus gidleyi4 Osborn 1904 anchitheriine horse AMNH type and PU referred specimen from "Protoceras beds... drainage basin of Cottonwood Creek"; specimen number of "M. validus" type shows that it belongs to 1892 collection
"Miohippus crassicuspis n. sp." = Miohippus annectens Marsh 1874 anchitheriine horse "Protoceras Beds" specimen number places this with 1892 collection
"Mesohippus intermedius n. sp." = Miohippus intermedius Osborn and Wortman 1895 anchitheriine horse from "Protoceras layer of White River" referred specimens from "both the White and Cheyenne River localities"; referred specimen of Osborn 1904 is just two numbers before an AMNH Protoceras specimen listed by Patton and Taylor 1973
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Hyracodon leidyanus6 Troxell 1921 odd-toed ungulate Princeton specimens, including his type of "H. apertus"; all from "Brown nodule layer above Protoceras sandstones, Corral Draw"
"Hyracodon nebrascensis" = Hyracodon nebraskensis Leidy 1850 odd-toed ungulate from the "Brown nodule layer" above the Protoceras sandstones, Corral Draw; presumably "H. sp." of Osborn and Wortman 1894
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"Aceratherium tridactylum n. sp." = Diceratherium tridactylum, "Aceratherium platycephalum n. sp." = Amphicaenopus platycephalus
"Aceratherium tridactylum n. sp." = Diceratherium tridactylum Osborn 1893 rhinoceros described by Osborn 1893; includes "Diceratherium proavitum"
"Aceratherium platycephalum n. sp." = Amphicaenopus platycephalus Osborn and Wortman 1894 rhinoceros | |
Protapirus obliquidens n. sp.9
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"Hyopotamus brachyrhynchus n. sp." = Elomeryx armatus, "Anthracotherium karense n. sp." = Heptacodon curtus
"Hyopotamus brachyrhynchus n. sp." = Elomeryx armatus Marsh 1894 anthracothere
"Anthracotherium karense n. sp." = Heptacodon curtus Marsh 1894 anthracothere | |
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Entelodontidae indet.5 Lydekker 1883 even-toed ungulate small; "Protoceras beds on Cottonwood Creek in what is now Washington County"
Scaptohyus altidens n. sp. Sinclair 1922 even-toed ungulate from "Protoceras beds in Corral Draw"; collected in 1893; presumably includes "Elotherium imperator"
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Protoceras celer Marsh 1891 protoceratid see Patton and Taylor 1973: type, including types of "P. comptus"; "P. nasutus"; "Calops consors"; and "C. cristatus"; all from head of Big Corral Draw, NE of Indian Stronghold on the NE side of Cuny Table, Shannon Co.
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Hypertragulus dakotensis n. sp.3
Hypertragulus dakotensis n. sp.3 Frick 1937 ruminant "From Protoceras Beds, Big Badlands, South Dakota, 1892"
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Agriochoerus gaudryi n. sp.
Agriochoerus gaudryi n. sp. Osborn and Wortman 1893 agriochoerid described as "Artionyx" gaudryi by Osborn and Wortman 1893; definitely from main Protoceras locality
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| Aves | |
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Paracrax wetmorei n. sp.2 Cracraft 1968 bird "from one of the lowest Protoceras channels, about 100 feet above the base of the Poleslide member... northeast of Indian Stronghold on the divide between west Big Corral Draw and Cottonwood Creek... collected in1938 by M. F. Skinner, R. L. Mefferd, and associates"
Paracrax gigantea2 Cracraft 1968 bird "from middle Protoceras channels, about 175 feet above the base of the Poleslide member... between West Fork of Big Corral Draw and Cottonwood Creek... collected in 1940 by M. F. Skinner, R. L. Mefferd, and associates"
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